Pae Porowhita Kowiri tira me te Kounga Pai

Rino (Fe): ko te huānga whakarewa taketake o te maitai kore waikura;

Chromium (Cr): ko te huānga matua hanga ferrite, ka taea e te chromium me te hāora te whakaputa i te kiriata passivation Cr2O3 ātete-waikura, ko tētahi o ngā huānga taketake o te kowiri tira hei pupuri i te ātete waikura, ka whakanui ake te ihirangi chromium i te kaha whakatika kiriata passivation o te maitai, ko te ihirangi chromium o te kowiri tira whānui me neke ake i te 12%;

Waro (C): he huānga hanga austenite kaha, ka taea te whakapai ake i te kaha o te maitai, hei tāpiri atu ki te ātete ki te waikura, he pānga kino anō hoki tō te waro;

Ko te Nikara (Ni): te huānga matua e hanga ana i te austenite, ka taea te whakaroa i te waikura o te maitai me te tipu o ngā kakano i te wā e whakamahana ana;

Ko te Molybdenum (Mo): he huānga hanga carbide, he tino pumau te carbide i hangaia, ka taea te aukati i te tipu o te witi o te austenite ina wera, ka whakaiti i te aro o te maitai ki te wera nui. Hei tāpiri, ka taea e te molybdenum te hanga i te kiriata passivation kia matotoru ake, kia totoka hoki, kia pai ake ai te ātete ki te waikura o te maitai kowiri tira Cl;

Ko te Niobium, te titanium (Nb, Ti): he huānga hanga carbide kaha, ka taea te whakapai ake i te ātete o te maitai ki te waikura intergranular. Heoi, he pānga kino tō te titanium carbide ki te kounga o te mata o te kowiri tira, nō reira ko te kowiri tira he nui ngā whakaritenga mata ka whakapai ake mā te tāpiri i te niobium hei whakapai ake i te mahi.

Hauota (N): he huānga kaha hanga austenite, ka taea te whakapai ake i te kaha o te maitai. Engari he nui ake te pānga o te pakaru tawhito o te maitai kore waikura, nō reira ko te kaupapa matua o te maitai kore waikura i te wā e tāia ana he tino whakahaere i te nui o te hauota.

Ko te whāwhā, te whanariki (P, S): he huānga kino i roto i te maitai kore waikura, ka pā kino pea te ātete ki te waikura me te takai o te maitai kore waikura.